The weather has been beautiful so far on our journey. The road was full of the great Sipahi, but nothing really happened worth relaying until we reached Ciorlu, where we lodged in a conac, or small seraglio. I did some serious exploring of all the women's apartments here, which are in the middle of a thick copse of trees, and found the walls to be covered with poetry, written by the women, little distiches penciled in by hand. 
Picture
Sipahi at the Battle of Vienna, 1642
As we rode on we passed an ancient Greek church, which seemed pretty poorly built and less richly decorated than the Roman Catholic church, but the most celebrated Madonna in Italy could not be more famous for her miracles than this church! 

We stayed that night at Bujuk Cekmege, or Great Bridge; and the next, at Kujuk Cekmege, or Little Bridge. We stayed in a former monastery that now belongs to a hogia or schoolmaster. I asked him to show me his own home, and he pointed to a treehouse he had built for himself and his family at the top of tall cypress! I wanted to take a closer look, but realized I'd probably break my neck on the climb.

Finally, we made it to Constantinople the next day; but I haven't had much time for exploring yet –I've had so many visits to make over the last few days. We are staying in Pera, (which is no more a suburb of Constantinople, than Westminster is a suburb to London).

PictureCemetery on the grounds of the
Süleymaniye mosque
certain French author says, Constantinople is twice the size of Paris. Mr W—— is claims its no bigger than London, though it looks bigger to me, but maybe not quite a populated. The cemeteries themselves are larger than the entire city, I've seen some a few miles long. No graves are ever moved and so land the size of villages becomes devoted to burying the dead. For each grave a pillar is set up and a turban indicating the profession or position of the person is carved into the top. Women have a simple pillar with no carvings or decorations, except those that died unmarried who have a rose at the top of the pillar.

When I wrote earlier about religion, there were a few things I forgot to mention but I wanted to discuss now because they seemed a little unbelievable to me. First, did you know that when a man divorces his wife he can get her back (legally) by simply permitting her to sleep with another man? I know some people who actually choose to do this rather than loose their love entirely. Second, I've learned that a woman who dies unmarried is believed to die in a state of reprobation. As a woman's purpose is to create and multiply, she is only doing what God expects when she is having or taking care of children. 


Of course, our vulgar misconception that they believe women do not have souls if completely false, though women's souls are seen as inferior to men’s and unable to get into the same paradise reserved for them. There is a “place of happiness” dedicated entirely to the souls of the inferior where all good women may have eternal bliss. Many of the women are superstitious and are afraid to remain a widow for more a week for fear of dying in a useless state. Those that enjoy being free of a husband and are not as strict in their beliefs, just wait and marry when they start to become afraid of dying. This seems very different than the idea that nothing is more acceptable to God than a vow of constant virginity. I'll let you decide which is more traditional...

I can't tell you anything else yet, but once I've done some exploring, you'll hear from me!.


 
I’m not sure if this blog post is going to satisfy you, Abbe, but it’s clear that we have unreliable information regarding the manners and religion of these people. Most people who visit Turkey are merchants only interested in their own affairs, or travelers who don't stay long enough to give accurate reports. 

I was thinking about Achmet-Beg, whom I met in Belgrade. He’s an effendi, or a scholar, and the scholars play prominent roles in the Turkish Empire. Talking to him gave me the opportunity to learn of their religion and morals in a way that maybe no Christian has ever had the chance to. I explained to Achmet-Beg the difference between the religion of England and Rome and he was happy to hear that there are many Christians who do not worship images or adore the Virgin Mary. He is not very fond of transubstantiation. I’m convinced that if Dr. Samuel Clarke had the chance to preach here, he would easily persuade his ideas to the Christians, whose notions are very little different from his anyway!

Mahometism is divided into as many sects as Christianity is. The Zeidi, Kadari, and Jabari reminded me of the Catholic, Luterhan and Calvinist sects we have, etc. The most prevailing opinion amongst the effendis is deism; however, this is kept secret from the people. Very few effendis (Achmet-Beg said there were none at all) would actually declare they didn’t believe in a God at all. Sir Paul Rycaut is wrong in calling the Muserin sect atheists because they are actually deists. Achmet-Beg didn’t admit to belonging to the Muserin sect, but he does deviate from some of Mahomet’s Law. For example, he drinks wine just as freely as we do. I asked him why he allows himself the liberty and he said although the prohibition of wine was a wise maxim, the prophet never intended on confining those who knew how to drink it with moderation. But he does avoid scandal and so he doesn’t drink it in public!
Picture
Manuscript of a Qajar Qur’an, Scribe: Abd al-Mudhnab al-Khatti al-Jani Abdallah Iran, Tehran, Qajar, dated 1233 H / 1817-8 CE Photo Credit: Islamic-Arts.org
Achmet said that if I could read Arabic, I would really enjoy reading the Alcoran which is not at all like we English think it is. He said it’s of the purest morality written in the best language. Most of the copies we have are translations from the Greek priests, who would not hesitate to falsely interpret it--they are so corrupt and intolerant! Yet, they are not so different from the Romish Church. I have admit though, as much as I dislike the cruelty of your clergy, I dislike the barbarous persecutions of them when they don’t acknowledge the Pope even more.

Of all of the religions I’ve seen, the Arnounts seem the most particular. They are natives of Arnountlick and are the best militia in the Turkish Empire. They haven’t fully embraced Christianity or Mahometism and claim they are unable to judge which religion is best. But in order to avoid rejecting the truth, they follow both religions and so visit the mosque on Fridays and church on Sundays.

That is basically what I have gathered on the diversity of religions I have seen. Abbe, I am not going to apologize for the liberty I have taken in speaking of the Roman Catholic Church. I know you also expect me to tell you something about the antiquities of this country but there are barely any remains of ancient Greece. Anyway, I think I’ve told you everything worth telling in regards to my journey. When I’m in Constantinople, I’ll pick up on some more details and you’ll hear from me again!